HISTORY OF SPORTS IN NEPAL

In Nepal, Sports activity had been started only in the mid of 20th century. Athletics and football was the major games at that time. These types of sports had gained popularity as no hard and fast rule is required in initial stage and also easily understandable. Football gained popularity even though the nation did not have a national team. After Rana period 1950 A.D. football clubs started to emerge. After that other sports like Bascket ball, volleyball, Badminton, Hand ball, table tennis etc are becoming popular day by day. With increasing popularity of such sports, need for appropriate venues for hosting events and competition of such sports has become evident.
Nepal Sports Council was established in the 1960’s and its main office was at the Singh Durbar. Due to greater interest and demand one proper sports complex was required which resulted in the construction of Dasarath Sports Complex in Kathmandu in 2026 B.S. With the establishment of Nepal Sports Council, and Dasarath Sports Complex various game emerged in the country which had already gain popularity in outer world. Though some of the martial arts like taekwondo, karate, etc was officially resister in year 2037-2040 B.S. Judo was officially introduced in Nepal in 2040 B.S. But it was played from 2026 B.S. in a Police force.After that so many associations like Nepal badminton association,
Nepal has started participating in various international sports competition such as Olympic, SAARC, SAF, South Asian games and Asian games. Within the country itself frequently matches are organized. Thus sports have been able to increase its fans and have also become a source of economy.
In the present condition Nepal has only two international Sports Complex which an organize competition of significance.

Dasarath Sports Complex

It is situated in Tripureswore, Kathmandu.It incorporates four major arenas like The Dasarath Stadium The main stadium,The covered hall,The swimming pool,Tennis courts in

110 ropani area. It is the first biggest complex in Nepal with 20,000 spectator capacity football stadium. Dasarath Stadium was constructed in 2026B.S.The football stadium was designed by Er. Bhuwaneshwor Lal Shrestha and the covered hall, swimming complex and the tennis courts were designed by Ar. Ganga Dhar Bhatta. The construction of the complex was completed in 2034 B.S. and has been renovated time after time. Major renovation was done for the SAF Games which was held in Kathmandu in 1999 AD.

Birendra International Sports Complex

It   is  situated in satdobato,Lalitpur. It consists of Swimming arena,Shooting arena,Tennis courts ,ANFA complex ( All Nepal Football Complex ),Squash.Its  area is 138 ropanies.It was built for the 8^th SAF Games and construction started in 1997 and was completed in 1999. The complex was constructed in joint venture between HMG of Nepal and the China Southwest Architectural Design and Research Institute.  

AREA CONVERSION

1 Bigha (बिघा)= 20 Kattha (कठ्ठा) (about 6,772.63 m² or 72,900 sq.ft.)

·  1 Kattha (কাঠা, कठ्ठा) = 20 Dhur (धुर) (about 338.63 m² or 3,645 sq.ft.)

·  1 Dhur (धुर) = 16.93 m² or 182.25 sq.ft.

·  1 Bigha = 13.31 Ropani (रोपनी)

·  1 Ropani = 16 aana (आना) (about 508.72 m² or 5476 sq. ft.)

·  1 aana = 4 paisa (पैसा) (about 31.80 m² or 342.25 sq.ft.)

·  1 paisa = 4 daam (दाम) (7.95 m²)

·  1 Bigha =20 Biswa

·  1 Bigha = .677263 hectare = 1.6735 acre = 13.31 Ropani

·  1.5 Bigha = 1 Hectare

·  1 Hectare = 19.965 Ropani

·  19.965 Ropani = 1 Hectare

·  1 Ropani = 508.83771 m²

COLOR SYMBOLISM / MEANING

COLOR SYMBOLISM/Meaning

Red: Excitement, energy, passion, love, desire,
speed, strength, power, heat, aggression, danger,
fire, blood, war, violence, all things intense and
passionate.
Pink symbolizes love and romance, caring,
tenderness, acceptance and calm.
Beige and ivory symbolize unification. Ivory
symbolizes quiet and pleasantness. Beige
symbolizes calm and simplicity.
Yellow signifies joy, happiness, betrayal,
optimism, idealism, imagination, hope, sunshine,
summer, gold, philosophy, dishonesty, cowardice,
jealousy, covetousness, deceit, illness, hazard and
friendship.
Blue: Peace, tranquility, cold, calm, stability,
harmony, unity, trust, truth, confidence,
conservatism, security, cleanliness, order, loyalty,
sky, water, technology, depression, appetite
suppressant.
Turquoise symbolizes calm. Teal symbolizes
sophistication. Aquamarine symbolizes water.
Lighter turquoise has a feminine appeal.
Purple: Royalty, nobility, spirituality, ceremony,
mysterious, transformation, wisdom,
enlightenment, cruelty, honor, arrogance,
mourning.
Lavender symbolizes femininity, grace and
elegance.
Orange: Energy, balance, enthusiasm, warmth,
vibrant, expansive, flamboyant, demanding of
attention.
Green: Nature, environment, healthy, good luck,
renewal, youth, spring, generosity, fertility,
jealousy, inexperience, envy, misfortune, vigor.
Brown: Earth, stability, hearth, home, outdoors,
reliability, comfort, endurance, simplicity, and
comfort.
Gray: Security, reliability, intelligence, staid,
modesty, dignity, maturity, solid, conservative,
practical, old age, sadness, boring. Silver
symbolizes calm.
White: Reverence, purity, birth, simplicity,
cleanliness, peace, humility, precision, innocence,
youth, winter, snow, good, sterility, marriage
(Western cultures), death (Eastern cultures),
cold, clinical.
Black: Power, sexuality, sophistication, formality,
elegance, wealth, mystery, fear, evil, unhappiness,
depth, style, sadness, remorse, anger, anonymity,
underground, good technical color, mourning,
death (Western cultures).

Types Of Glass

GLASS
Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material. It is most typically used as
transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external
walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature..
Glass plays an essential role in the facade. A facade is a special type of wall. It separates
inside from outside. Glass is a uniform material, a solidified liquid. By its property of
transparency it opens up our buildings to the outside world. In modern architecture there
is tendency to open up our buildings by using very large facades that are as transparent as
possible.In the external wall, glass can be used as a curtain wall or structural glazing.Glass
is not essentially transparent. They are available in several opacities and various textures
and finishes.
COMPOSITION
Glass is made from the following raw materials: Sand; soda-ash; limestone; dolomite;
feldspar; sodium sulphate. These substances are themselves compounds of various
elements and a chemical analysis shows that flat glass is made up from the following
materials, used in various proportions:
 Silica (S2O2) 71.0 to 78.0%
 Alumina (Al2O3) 0.5 to 1.5%
 Iron oxide (Fe203) 0.05 to 0.15%
 Calcium oxide (CaO) 5.0 to 10.0%
 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.0 to 5.0%
 Sodium oxide (Na2O) 13.0 to 16.0%
 Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.0 to 1.0%
 Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 0.0 to 0.5%
TYPES OF GLASS
1. ANNEALED GLASS
It is normal annealed glass, though clear & transparent, it does posses some colour tint
usually greenish. It is due to presence of some impurities such as iron. Clear glass has very
high-energy transmission when exposed to sunlight. It provides a clear view of the objects
across it. A glass processed to prevent to remove objectionable stresses in it by controlled
heating at and / or cooling from a suitable temperature.
2. TINTED GLASS
You can use tinted glass to keep out the harmful ultra violet rays of the sun, which is also
very strong and hot. These glasses are developed with heat resistant materials, which are
capable of avoiding the harmful rays and also make sure that the heat is lowered. With
tinted glass doors and windows installed in your home, you can also save energy as you can
avoid turning on your air conditioner for extended periods.It is normal glass that is
coloured by the addition of metal oxides into molten glass. Tinted glass possesses filtering
properties that help reduce eyestrain due to dazzle. Its absorption properties help diminish
energy transmissions when exposed to sunlight. Tints like green allows more visible light
and cut out infrared radiation.Variations in the thickness of the glass would yield different
performance in terms of light and solar radiation transmission. Although darker shades
reduce the amount of heat being transmitted to the interiors, they also reduce the amount
of transmitted daylight.
3. PATTERNED, FIGURED OR ROLLED GLASS/ FROSTED GLASS
It is a decorative and translucent glass with figures or patterns on one face. In addition to
diffusing light and obstructing visibility from the outside, the figures soften the interior
lighting. This type of glass is usually more fragile and less convenient to clean. Patterned or
frosted glass is manufactured by etching, sandblasting or creating a pattern in the surface
of the glass. It can transmit light through it but the view is blurred, which means you cannot
see anything on the other side of the glass. This type of glass is a great choice where privacy
is needed.
USE: Interiors of the buildings, opaque glazing like bathrooms etc
4. WIRED GLASS
It has wire mesh incorporated during its production. Wired glass is
recommended for its fire protection property. In case of fire, the glass cracks but
broken pieces tend to remain in position restricting the spread of flame and
smoke for some time.
5.Ceramic printed glass
Also known as silk-screened glass for its appearance like a silk screen. Certain areas of
application make it important to mask a part or whole of glass for privacy or hiding the
background or enhancing the look of a product or for purely aesthetical reasons. The size,
density and colour would determine the opacity and shading whereas the variety of dots,
squares, checks and patterns will give many design combinations to achieve the desired
effect. It is not affected by moisture, oil, soaps, chemicals or detergents and retains its
original appearance though out the life of the glass.
6. LAMINATED GLASS
This type of glass is a form of safety glass that acts as a protecting from glass after
breakage. When shattered, these glasses have the capability of holding together and
provide resistance to the dispersion of objects. Laminated glass ensures high impact
resistance and can protect the construction from significant damage due to any breakage.
Laminated glass is made by fusing two or more layers of glass with inter-layers of polyvinyl
butyral (PVB) through the use of heat and pressure. The process creates a safety glass.
7. ENERGY EFFICIENT GLASS/ INSULATING GLASS
As the name suggests, these types of glass are capable of saving your energy bill. Developed
with energy efficient materials, these glass products can be used in the form of windows
and door for saving energy, adding to the appearance of the property, higher impact
resistance, less outside noise disturbance, and better insulation.The insulating glass is a
prefabricated unit made of two or more glass panes,separated by a cavity and edgeshermetically sealed together. This edge seal not only binds the individual sheets of glass
together to maintain the mechanical strength of the joint but also protects the cavity
between the glasses from outside influences. The moisture in the cavity between the two
glasses is controlled by desiccants filled in the perforated spacer. The spacer can be
aluminum, composite plastics etc. The spacer ensures the precise distance between the
glass panes. The cavity normally filled with dry air but can be also filled with gases such as
Argon, Krpton for better thermal performance or hydrogen fluro oxide for better acoustic
performance.
8. TOUGHENED GLASS
Toughened glass has more strength in comparison to the normal glass. The strength factors
of these glasses are increased by controlled thermal treatments so that internal stresses
can be balanced. When this glass breaks, you can find the shattered remains in small pieces,
unlike large and dangerous shards when ordinary glass is broken.Toughened glass is
treated to be far more resistant to breakage than simple annealed glass and to break in a
more predictable way when it does break, thus providing a major safety advantage in
almost all of its applications.
Toughened glass is made from annealed glass treated with a thermal tempering process. A
sheet of annealed glass is heated to above its "annealing point" of 600°C; its surfaces are
then rapidly cooled while the inner portion of the glass remains hotter. The different
cooling rates between the surface and the inside of the glass produces different physical
properties, resulting in compressive stresses in the surface balanced by tensile
9. REFLECTIVE GLASS
A metallic coating is applied to one side of the glass in order to significantly increase the
amount of reflection by the glass of both the visible and infra-red (light and heat) range of
the electromagnetic spectrum. This metallic coating can be applied to clear or body tinted
glass. The reflective glass imparts a mirror like appearance to the exterior of buildings
under most daytime conditions. Due to the coating of metal oxides on the glass, they are
widely applied as an aesthetic product in buildings for its highly reflective surface and its
wide palette of colours. It reduces heat gain and glare from the exterior and allows
optimum visible light transmission to the interior. It significantly reduces the
airconditioning load of the buildings. An exceptional property of solar reflective glass is
that the coating of metal oxides on the glass can be achieved without affecting the
transparency of the glass.
10. GLASS BRICKS
 These are hollow glass units or blocks of glass shaped to work as bricks
 Joined with the help of silicon sealants to obtain seamless finish
 The two outer, exposed surfaces may be smooth or textured.
 Glass blocks can be coloured and have decorated surfaces.
 Walls of glass blocks meeting fire resistance are also possible.

Bastu For Bank

Bank is essentially a financial institution associated with transactions involving money. Bank signifies wealth or money and Lord Kuber is the Deity of wealth. North is the direction of Lord Kubera which means entrance in the north is ideal for Banks and other financial institutions. From the point view of vastushastra the following aspects have to be considered while planning & designing the layout for financial institutions.

·         North is the ideal entrance. Otherwise the entrance can be located in east or northeast.

·         The northeast portion should be open. It is ideal to have seating arrangements for customers in this direction.

·         The Customer Care Counter should be located in east to north.

·         Cash Receipt and Payment Counter should be strictly in north.

·         Attractive posters of the various schemes of the Bank e.g. SB, Deposit Schemes or various Loan Schemes can be placed in northwest.

·         Seating of personnel relating to marketing, sale of Credit cards and other officials relating to Business Development Desk should be in northwest.

·         The position of Main Locker and the Branch Manager’s Cabin should be located in southwest.

·         The Officials next to the Branch Manager in hierarchy should sit in the south and west direction respectively.

  All the staff, the Main Cash Safe & Lockers should face east to north.

·         The arrangement for water and the place for Deity/God should be in the northeast.

·         Preference should be given for yellow, cream or white colour in the layout.

·         Loan Disbursal department should be in the northwest.

·         Old Records and other records should be stacked from south to southwest.

·         Loan Recovery department should be prominently in southeast direction only.

·         The Official dealing with Scrutiny of Loan proposals and re-evaluation work should preferably sit in South.

·         Canteen, Pantry, Air Conditioning equipments, Generator, Battery Invertors, Computer Server or Lunch Room should be in southeast.

·         Sales promotion literature, applications forms for various loan schemes and counter relating to any products or services which the Bank intends to promote aggressively can be located in northwest.

·         Seating arrangement for maximum number of staff should be made in southeast or northwest.

·       

VASTU GUIDE

VASTU GUIDE

Bed rooms

     Master bed room

     1.South West or South

     Children's Room

     1. West or North or North East or North West

     Other Bed Rooms

     1. South or South-East

          Bed Layout:  facing South (priority I) or  East (priority II)

          and for Children's room----- facing east ( Priority I )and 

          South  facing ( priority II)  

Living Room

 NW or NE, sitting should be towards West or South wall.

 Toilets/Bathrooms

       Common Toilets

      1. NW or West or SW

       Attach ed Toilets

      1. Should not be in NE, East and North of the room.

         Commodes

           1. Commodes: -

            Priority 1: commodes should be placed on the South wall  

            so that the users will face towards North

            Priority 2:  commodes should  be placed on the West wall  

            so that users will face towards east.

            Wash Basin: on the East , North or West wall of the room.

           Water/tap:   On the North or East wall

            Window :  West , North or East

            

Study Room

1. SW,  West, NW , North or centre of west direction,

Puja Room

2. NE or East or North

Guest Room

1. North West or North or North East

Guard Room

1. SE or NW

Servent's Room

1. SE or NW

Living Room

1. NE or North or North West

Parent's Room

1. SW or South

Kitchen

1. SE or NW

Mini Bar

1. West or NW

Garden

1. East or North

Kithchen Garden

1. South or West

Overhead Tank

1. West or SWW or South

Underground Water Tank

1. NE or East or North

Veranda:

-----North or East but if veranda is in South it should be at the same level as in the North.

----If there is veranda is in South make one in North also.

Store:  NW

Staircase

1.  North West or  West

2.  If possible the stair case should be constructed at a distance of 3" from East and North wall.

4. The no of steps should be in odd no and the height of steps should  be 9".

Door

1. The location of the door in all floor should be at the same location.

2.  The main door should not be at the centre of the building towards North.

3. The no of door should be even number but should not end in zero (eg 10, 20 etc.)

window

1. No of windows should be more in East and North and Less in West and South

2. Windows and door should not be together at least there should be a gap of 3"-4"

Pillar

1.    The no of pillar should be in even no.

Miscellaneous

1.  Provision for the installment or grill for flat system in the staircase to 1sth floor or Should be able to close completely ( No visual contact and also sound proof to both floor.)

2.   Safety tank : Should be rectangular and not square, Length should be towards East -- West and Width should be North --South

Modern Architecture in NEPAL

PRETEXT

Nepal has preserved an expansive variety of architectural styles, all linked by similarity of constructional pattern and materials; intergrated into a homogeneous complex by their underlying purpose.

Architecture flourished in the Malla period, in a competitive environment with different rulers trying to outdo each other. While varients of the pagoda style are predominant, there are few in the borrowed sikhara style. Buildings were mostly temples, palaces and building of public use. Residences were based on courtyard planning.

There was an extensive use of Bricks; Sun burnt and kiln on wooden posts and beams, inticrately carved wooden windows and doors. Symmetry was a preference; axial and radial.

 

During the Rana Period, for the first time, the 19^th Century western monumentalism was brought to Nepal. Building, mostly palaces were built in the Neo-classical style that borrowed elements from the Greek and Roman Architecture. Kishor Narsingh Rana and Kumar Narsingh Rana were the two main Engineers of the time.

Modern Architecture in Nepal starts from about the time the Sarashwati Sadan ( 2000 B.S.) was built, which is a milestone in the history of Modern Architecture in Nepal. It was designed by Bed Prasad Lohani; the first to introduce concrete structure in Nepal.

Ranjana Hall ( 2009 B.S.) is another example. He played with variety of elements in his buildings like; RCC, RBC, dome etc. His buildings are simple, functional and structurally stable.

Other individuals who have played significant role in the development of Modern architecture in Nepal are; Prabhinga Man Singh Pradhan, Shankar Nath Rimal, Robert Weize, Shiva Raj Panta, Ganga Dhar Bhatta, Bhubaneswor Lal Shrestha.

Robert Weize initiated the development with the masterplan of of Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur and some of its earlier buildings.

Narayanhiti Palace, designed by a team of Stain, Polk and Chatterjee from an Indian firm based in Calcutta, was constructed, S. N. Rimal was the Site Engineer.

Sarboccha Adalat (The supreme Court), Science Block of Trichanda College, Rani Pokhari designed under Bhavan Vibhag and the Department of Archaeology by Indian Coorperation Mission are other contemporay buildings.

Prabhinja Man Singh designed Amrit Science Campus; structure by S. N. Rimal.

Vrikuti Mandap ( 2015 B. S.) by Shiva Raj Panta

RNAC Building by Bhubaneshwor Lal Shrestha

Post Office Building, Sundhara by Indian Cooperation Mission

NEPALI CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTS

Shankar Nath Rimal

Eldest son of Devendra Nath Rimal And Sita Devi, was born on 1^st March 1935 in Tangal, Kathmandu

Schooling: pre primary – Nandiratri School, Naxal

                  Secondary – Durbar High School ( SLC in 1950) along with brothers; Gauri            

                                       Nath and Durga Nath

Shankar Nath joined Engineering despite the family’s wish for him to be a doctor.

He received Colombo Plan for Electrical Engineering and later shifted to Civil Engineering. He graduated from Calcutta University in 1957.

Started professional work as assistant Engineer in the public works department.

In 1959, left for Germany on a year long training in Dtckechooff and Widman K. G.

In 1961 Started his own firm” Shankar Nath Rimal Engineers and Architects P. Limited.”

Spent his life on creative domain which led him to the threshold of perfectionist.

He spared time for creative works in the form of sculpture and painting in water colour, oil etc. The paintings are rather abstract and fresh with bold use of colours. His sketches contain minute details. He has also expressed his emotions in some of his miniature sculptures. He has displyed his skills in other specilized fields such as Project Writing, Structural Details, Working Drawing and Landscape Design.

He also reshaped our national Flag to proportion

HIS PHILOSOPHY

Spiritual Quality in designs

Heterogenity over homogenity

Redefine Nepali Architectural Space

Use of Modern Technology

Faithful use of elements

Emphasis on purity of form

Cost Effective

HIS VIEWS

§  One must be fully engaged in his work to be successful

§  Originality comes from philosophy, which is also essesntial to achieve sustainability

§  Architecture is an applied art; point where art and science meets to form a different new

§  Planning, Aesthetic and Structure should be given equal importance; without Planning it cannot be functional; without Aesthetic it cannot be satisfactory and without structure it will fail.

§  Better locally available materials with local workmanship while use of modern material should be in a simplified way.

HIS WORKS

Include Gateways, Hotels, Industries, Public Buildings, Institutions, Museums, Library, Auditoriums, Temples and  numerous Residences.

“Sahid Gate”, first of his works:– memorial arc Nepal Smarak Dwar  - 1958

Narayanhiti Royal Palace - Engineer Incharge of construction (1961-1972), in which Mangal Sadan, Nanigung and Darbar Parisar are his own creation.

Hotel Soaltee, Kalimati – 1962, along with G. D. Bhatta

Royal Nepal Academy, Kamaladi - 1964

Hotel Everest International, New Baneshwor - 1969

Tikapur Town Planning (Pop. 25000) - 1973

 – space contigeous with the surrounding

                            Dynamic; Interwoven house blocks and green zones

Janakpur Cigarette Factory - 1964

Yagna Shala Building, Pashupati Nath Temple Complex

Taragaon Cultural Tourism Centre

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building, Singha Darbar - 1969

Amrit Science Campus, Chhinalata Guthi, Nepal Art Council, Rastra Bank, Bhairahawa

NIDC Arcade, Mercantile Corporation show room, Hetaunda Flour Mill, Tikapur Hospital

Staff Housing for Bansbari Shoe Factory, Clock Tower at Janakpur, Temple at Devaghat

Lumbini Development Trust; Library, Museum and Auditorium Building, Reuki Training Centre, Pokhara, Bishnu Mandir, Singapore, Pashupati Nath Temple, Patan, Medicare Hospital, Balkhu, Nepal Temple, USA

Residences

-          Pangre Ghar (Mr. Khagda Bahadur Singh), Pulchowk

-          Khutte Ghar ( Mrs. Angur Baba Joshi)

-          Shanti Sadan (Her Late Highness Shanti Singh)

-          Shova Sadan (Her Royal Highness Shova Singh)

Ganga Dhar Bhatta (Halabe)

THE MAN

First Nepali Architect ( B. Arch Degree, from India)

Upon Completion of bachelor degree ( 1961), he joined Bhawan Vibhag (the Department of Building) as an assistant Engineer. At the time there was no position for architects.

Upatyaka Nirman Samiti was established to work out on development plans.

Instrumental in promoting Architecture in its modern form in Nepal

He drew the first Kathmandu Valley Map based on the photographs taken from Plane

Later dropped architectural practice and completely engaged himself in Poultry farming

HIS PHILOSOPHY

Architecture and Society should go hand in hand

The ingredients of a good building; Honesty, Sincerety, Seriousness and Hard work.

Form should satisfy function

Building should respond to its surrounding

HIS WORKS

Hotel Soaltee, along with S.N. Rimal

City Hall, Exhibition Road

Features: Dynamic Building form, Abstract Gateway, Segregated Vehicular and  Pedestrian approach, Wide open-riser Stairway leading to ther first  floor, Large Windows, Complementing Landscape

Master Plan and pavilion design of Dasarath Stadium

Police Club Building, Exhibition Road

Rastrya Panchayat Building:

Comissioned through Design Competition. Consisted of five buildings; The Assembly Hall, Secretatiat Building, Library Building, Multipurpose Hall and Restaurant. The 90 ft. dia Assembly hall was never built. Jeewan Kunj, Green Houses, Godavari Botanical Garden

Carl Pruscha

THE MAN

Austrian Architect

Assigned to prepare the master plan of Kathmandu Valley ( 60s), influenced architectural trend in Nepal.

The communal institutions were the visible pivotal points forming centres of the compact towns and villages.

Translated the prevailing rules to incorporate them into more modern and technical context.

Architecture as the appropriate response he helped recover the lost methodology to unite techniques and Discipline in construction

The environment; existing forms and functions, was  the basis on which he produced contextual yet new and refined spaces. He assimilated the spirit of the place and the rules presiding over spatial transformation.

Made aware the bond between Architecture and Urban Planning

The building activity is a victory gained over the danger of dissolution and in support of the cosmic order with which the work is and must be in harmony.

Made great attempts in merging his buildings into the surrounding, physically

While he intentionally avoided any features suggestive of Nepali architecture, yet managed to design buildings in harmony with the place.

HIS PHILOSOPHY

Architecture is a response to a higher need – man’s need for shelter and his need to satisfy definite spiritual impulses along with physical shape

Great respect for climate and adaptation of building to the landscape

Adopted simplicity in construction and used technology within the grasp of the local workmanship.

A timeless architectural vocabulary, one that cannot be dated by stylish feature.

HIS WORKS

Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) building at Tribhuvan University (T.U.), Kirtipur

Taragoan Resort, Bauddha